Yöntemlerin Tanıtılması
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Yazarlar, bir tezin veya araştırma makalesinin Yöntemler bölümünde, araştırmalarını nasıl yürüttüklerini anlatırlar. Yöntemler bölümü, deneyimli başka bir kişinin araştırmayı tekrar etmesi durumunda sonuçları yeniden üretmesi için yeterince açık ve ayrıntılı olmalıdır. Seçilen yöntemlerin yeni, tanıdık olmayan veya hatta tartışmalı olduğu veya hedeflenen kitlenin birçok disiplinden olduğu durumlarda, Yöntemler bölümü çok daha kapsamlı olma eğiliminde olacaktır. Bir araştırma makalesinin veya tezin bu bölümünde bulunan tipik metin bölümleri ve bunlar için kullanılan dil türünün örnekleri aşağıda listelenmiştir. Bu bölümde daha sonra sıralanan birçok işlevsel kategori için fiillerin basit geçmiş zamanda ve edilgen sesle yazıldığı unutulmamalıdır. |
Daha önce kullanılan yöntemleri tanımlamak
Many researchers have utilised X to measure … One of the most well-known tools for assessing … Traditionally, X has been assessed by measuring ... A number of techniques have been developed to …
Different methods have been proposed to classify …
X is the main non-invasive method used to determine ... Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways. Several methods currently exist for the measurement of X. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ... X is one of the most common procedures for determining … There are three main types of study design used to identify …
The use of life story data has a relatively long tradition within X. Recent advances in X methods have facilitated investigation of … There are a number of instruments available for measuring the … Recently, simpler and more rapid tests of X have been developed. X and Y are currently the most popular methods for investigating …
In most recent studies, X has been measured in four different ways. The use of qualitative case studies is a well-established approach in ...
Xs have been used in the past to investigate the mechanical properties of … Case studies have been long established in X to present detailed analysis of ... To date, various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X. Since the 1950s, researchers have used a multitude of scientific methods to … This test is widely available and has been used in many investigational studies. The methods for measuring X have varied somewhat across this research area. In recent years, two different approaches have attempted to account for the …
In recent years, molecular methods have been utilised for the quantification of … A variety of methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and drawbacks.
More recent examples of narrative studies within X can be found in the work of Smith (2010). Two of the most common methods for estimating X are the use of Y and the measurement of Z.
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X studies Studies of X |
have traditionally |
employed …
based their approaches on … used model systems to predict …
adopted functionalist perspectives utilised a population-based approach. relied upon participant observation as … |
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Various Different |
methods have been |
utilised to proposed to employed to |
assess … test for… identify … capture … quantify … measure … determine …
investigate … |
Mevcut araştırmanın metodolojisini açıklamak
The present study utilises X to analyse …
The current study adopts a case study approach.
A qualitative methodology is employed in this study.
A mixed methods approach is employed in this research.
This investigation utilises energy analysis and statistical methods to … A participatory qualitative research approach is employed in this study.
The current investigation utilises an array of assessment techniques to … The current study uses qualitative analysis in order to gain insights into ...
It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation was to ... This study employs qualitative analysis and natural language processing to …
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This study
The current study |
uses utilises employs |
the X technique to … archival research to … an X methodology to …
the conceptual tools of …
a quasi-experimental design to … experimental modal analysis to … a descriptive research design to …
an ethnographic approach including … a multi-method approach combining …
a qualitative research approach in which … a randomised, double-blind trial involving …
critical discourse analysis (CDA) to examine … interpretative phenomenological analysis to …
a qualitative methodology to critically evaluate how …
a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methods to … a cluster randomization design to examine the effectiveness of … |
Belirli bir yöntemin neden benimsendiğini açıklamak
A major advantage of X is that …
The benefit of this approach is that … The decision to use X was based on … X based methods provide a means of …
X was selected for its reliability and validity. A case study approach was used to allow a ...
This method is particularly useful in studying ... A quantitative approach was employed since ... Qualitative methods offer an effective way of ...
The design of the questionnaires was based on ... The X method is one of the more practical ways of ...
The semi-structured approach was chosen because ... The X approach has a number of attractive features: ...
The second advantage of using the multivariate method is ...
One advantage of the X analysis is that it avoids the problem of ... Another advantage of using computer simulations is that it allows … Continuous sampling methods have a number of advantages over … The collaborative nature of the focus group offers another advantage …
Qualitative methods can be more useful for identifying and characterising …
The advantage of this particular method is that it allows us to make predictions about … Many of the distributions were not normal so non-parametric signed rank tests were run. It was considered that quantitative measures would usefully supplement and extend the ...
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A case-study approach was |
used chosen adopted |
to ensure that …
to help understand how …
to allow a deeper insight into … to conduct this exploratory study. to evaluate the effectiveness of …
to gain a detailed understanding of … to determine the factors that affect ...
to assess the management practices of …
to obtain further in-depth information on the ... to capture the complexities of the phenomenon. to provide rounded, detailed illustrations of the … |
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X is one of the most |
successful widely used commonly used |
methods techniques |
for
(used for) |
dating … assessing … gathering … collecting … evaluating … estimating … measuring … identifying … determining … |
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A(n)
The One |
key major distinct obvious practical potential
additional important significant |
advantage |
of using |
Z-scores focus groups a rating scale
secondary data self-report data longitudinal data retrospective data regression analysis
natural speech data
semi-structured interviews
a convenience sample a case study approach
a comparative approach
a mixed method approach
a multidimensional approach |
is that … |
Kullanılan yöntem ya da yaklaşımı haklı çıkarmak adına literatürden alıntı yapmak
In a recent article, Smith (2009) argues that case studies offer … Smith et al. (1994) identify several advantages of the case study ...
Jones (2012) argues that case studies are useful when the conditions of the research … According to Smith (2011), semi-structured interviews have a wide-spread popularity in … The sensitivity of the X technique has been demonstrated in a report by Smith et al. (2011).
Jones (2006) points out that there is a role for both qualitative and quantitative approaches in …
Kabul görmüş bir yöntemin kullanıldığını belirtmek
The solution was then assayed for X using the Y method.
X was prepared according to the procedure used by Jones et al. (1957). The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973). X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ... Samples were analysed for X as previously reported by Smith et al. (2012).
Analysis was based on the conceptual framework proposed by Smith et al. (2002). This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Jones et al. (1990).
Belirli bir yöntemin neden kullanılmadığını açıklamak
The limitation of this approach is that …
A disadvantage of many cohort studies is that …
A major problem with the experimental method is that ... The main disadvantage of the experimental method is that ...
The principal limitation of the experimental approach is that … However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the use of ... The disadvantage of this method is its reliance on the availability of …
However, this method clearly is not valid for analysing long-term trends in … There are obvious difficulties in accepting the reliability of self-report information.
There are certain problems with the use of focus groups. One of these is that there is less ...
Katılımcıların kökenini açıklamak
A random sample of patients with X was recruited from ... Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.
The 5,880 study participants were recruited from four urban communities … The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year students studying at ….
The participants for this cohort were identified from a census questionnaire that … Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across X, covering urban and rural areas ... Participants from X, Y, and Z were invited to complete a survey when they enrolled in … Potential participants who lived within the radius of the centre were invited to take part in… A comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of ...
Katılımcıların karakteristiklerini tanımlamak
The cohort was divided into two groups according to ...
The sample was representative with respect to gender and …
Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were ... Of the initial cohort of 123 students, 66 were female and 57 male.
Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by … Only children aged between 10 and 15 years were included in the study.
The participants were divided into two groups based on their performance on ... Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ... All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study...
The initial sample consisted of 200 students, 75 of whom belonged to minority groups.
All were between 18 and 30 years old (mean age = 24.27 years, s. d. = 2.05), and comprised …
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 male participants with a mean age of 38 years.
İncelenen makalelerin kökenini açıklamak
Literature was identified by searching …
X was searched to uncover studies relating to … Additional searches were performed using the Index of … The small corpus of texts for this study was drawn from … Articles were searched from January 1965 to April 2014.
A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that ... Electronic literature searches of X and Y were performed to identify …
The literature was searched using electronic databases covering the period 2000–2008.
Çalışmaya seçilme ya da dahil edilme kriterlerini belirtmek
Publications were only included in the analysis if… To identify X, the following parameters were used: …
Criteria for selecting the participants were as follows:
The area of study was chosen for its relatively small ... Primary inclusion criteria for the X participants were … A number of criteria were considered when selecting …
Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received ...
Five individuals were excluded from the study on the basis of ... The inclusion/exclusion criteria for all participants were as follows:
The subjects were selected on the basis of the degree of homogeneity of their ...
All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis. Articles were included if they reported a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials
Süreci tanımlamak: ‘passive form’ şeklinde kullanılan tipik fiiller
All participants were sent …
The data were normalised using ... Ethical approval was obtained from ...
The drug was administered by ICV injection … Descriptive data were generated for all variables. The procedures of this study were approved by ...
Prompts were used as an aid to question two so that ... Data were collected using semi-structured interviews in …
Participants were thanked for their time and effort and for … The experiments were run using custom software written in... Two sets of anonymised questionnaires were completed by ...
A total of 256 samples were taken from 52 boreholes (Figure 11). The solution was washed three times with deionized water and ... Significance levels were set at the 1% level using the student t-test.
Data management and analysis were performed using SPSS 26.0 (2019). Published studies were identified using a search strategy developed in ... Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during ... Injection solutions were coded by a colleague to reduce experimenter bias. The pilot interviews were conducted informally by the trained interviewer ... Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications.
The experiments were conducted over the course of the growing period from ... Blood samples were obtained with consent, from 256 Caucasian male patients ... The participants were asked to pay close attention to the characters whenever ... Independent tests were carried out on the X and Y scores for the four years from ...
This experiment was repeated under conditions in which the poor signal/noise ratio was improved. The mean score for the two trials was subjected to multivariate analysis of variance to determine ...
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The participants were asked |
to rate … to recall … to attend … to record …
to indicate …
to say whether … to comment on …
to complete two tasks. to answer a series of … whether they believed … to provide feedback on …
a variety of questions about … to describe an instance when …
to explain what happened during … to press the key corresponding to …
a series of open-ended questions that … to describe what had happened when … to complete a 20 question survey about … |
Süreci tanımlamak: sıralama kelimeleri
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To begin this process, ...
The first step in this process was to ...
The second method used to identify X involved ... |
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Prior to |
commencing the study, ethical clearance was sought from ... analysing the interview data, the transcripts were checked for … undertaking the investigation, ethical clearance was obtained from ...
data collection, the participants received an explanation of the project. |
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(Immediately) After |
‘training’, the participants were told that ... collection, the samples were shipped back to X in ...
testing for the presence of antibodies, the blood was …
the appliance was fitted, the patients attended X every four weeks. |
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On |
arrival at the clinic, patients were asked to ...
completion of X, the process of parameter estimation was carried out. obtaining written informed consent from the patients, a questionnaire was … |
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Once |
the samples were extracted, it was first necessary to …
the Xs were located and marked, a thin clear plastic ruler ...
the positions had been decided upon, the Xs were removed from each Y and … the exposures were completed, the X was removed from the Y and placed in … |
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Following |
correction for ..., X was reduced to ... conformational analysis of X, it was necessary to ...
administration of X to patients, we assessed the effects on …
this treatment, the samples were recovered and stored overnight at ... |
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The participants were then shown a film individually and were asked to ...
The soil was then weighed again, and this weight was recorded as ...
These ratings were then made for the ten stimuli to which the subject had been exposed ... The preparation was then placed in a custom-built microfluidics chamber, covered with … |
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When |
dividing X, care was taken to ... removing X, it was important to ...
inviting the participants, the purpose of the research was clearly explained. |
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Finally, questions were asked as to the role of ...
In the follow-up phase of the study, participants were asked ...
The final stage of the study comprised a semi-structured interview with participants who … |
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Süreci tanımlamak: ‘using’ + kullanılan şey (alet, yöntem, anket vb.)
All the work on the computer was carried out using ... Data were collected using two high spectral resolution Xs.
Semi-automated genotyping was carried out using X software and ... Qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Using the X-ray and looking at the actual X, it was possible to identify ... Comparisons between the two groups were made using unrelated t-tests
The data were recorded on a digital audio recorder and transcribed using a ...
Statistical significance was analysed using analysis of variance and t-tests as appropriate.. 15 subjects were recruited using email advertisements requesting healthy students from ...
The relationship between X and Y was examined using the Pearson correlation coefficient and …
Süreci tanımlamak: tavrı/hali belirten zarflar
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The resulting solution was gently mixed at room temperature for … A sample of the concentrate was then carefully injected into ...
The soil was then placed in a furnace and gradually heated up to ...
The vials were shaken manually to allow the soil to mix well with the water. The medium was then aseptically transferred to a conical flask.
The tubes were accurately reweighed to six decimal places using ... |
Süreci tanımlamak: amacın mastarı (infinitive)
In order to investigate the effects of …
In order to identify …, the participants were asked to ...
In order to help familiarise participants with …, they were asked to …
In order to address these ethical concerns, the following steps were taken: …
In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.
To avoid …
To test whether …
To establish whether ...,
To better understand how … To address the possibility of …
To measure X, a question asking ... was used.
To determine whether …, the cells were incubated for ... To rule out the possibility that … , the participants were ...
To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.
To assess whether and how Xs are produced and received, we measured ...
To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data were plotted and ...
To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ...
To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-minute break between ...
The vials were capped with X to prevent ...
The process was repeated several times in order to remove ...
In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer ... The interview schedule comprised structured and open questions to identify and explore …
Süreci tanımlamak: amacı ‘for’ kullanarak belirtmek
For the next two questions, a Likert scale was used.
For the purpose of analysis, two segments were extracted from each ...
For the purpose of height measurement, participants were asked to stand ...
For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 µL of protein sample was mixed with ...
