Terimleri Tanımlamak
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Akademik çalışmalar yaptıklarında öğrencilerden genellikle öğretmenlerine bu terimleri iyi anladıklarını göstermek için anahtar kelimelerin ve deyimlerin tanımlarını vermeleri beklenir. Bununla birlikte, akademik yazarlar genellikle terimleri, okuyucularının belirli anahtar terimler kullanıldığında tam olarak ne anlama geldiğini anlamaları için tanımlarlar. Önemli kelimeler açıkça anlaşılmadığında yanlış yorumlamaya neden olabilir. Aslında birçok anlaşmazlık (akademik, hukuki, diplomatik, kişisel) aynı kavramın farklı yorumlanmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Akademik öğretim ve yazmada, öğretim görevlileri ve öğrenciler, bir konuyu derinlemesine incelemeye geçmeden önce genellikle bu farklı yorumları araştırmak zorundadırlar. |
Giriş cümleleri
The term ‘X’ was first used by …
The term ‘X’ can be traced back to … Previous studies mostly defined X as …
The term ‘X’ was introduced by Smith in her … Historically, the term ‘X’ has been used to describe …
It is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by ...
This shows a need to be explicit about exactly what is meant by the word ‘X’.
Basit üç parçalı tanımlar
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A university is |
an institution |
where knowledge is produced and passed on to others. |
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Social Economics may be defined as |
the branch of economics |
[which is] concerned with the measurement, causes, and consequences of social problems. |
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Research may be defined as |
a systematic process |
which consists of three elements or components: (1) a question, problem, or hypothesis, (2) data, and (3) analysis and interpretation of data. |
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Education is |
a form of learning |
in which the knowledge, skills, or values of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next. |
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A scientific theory can be defined as |
an explanation of some aspect of the natural world |
[which has been] confirmed by observation or experiment. |
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Braille is |
a system |
of touch reading and writing for blind people in which raised dots on paper represent letters. |
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Science is |
the systematic study of |
the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. |
X can broadly be defined as … X can be loosely described as …
X can be defined as ... It encompasses ...
In the literature, the term tends to be used to refer to ... In broad terms, X can be defined as any stimulus that is ... Whereas X refers to the operations of ..., Y refers to the ...
The broad use of the term ‘X’ is sometimes equated with ...
The term ‘disease’ refers to a biological event characterised by ...
Defined as …, X is now considered a worldwide problem and is associated with ...
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The term ‘X’ |
refers to ...
encompasses A), B), and C).
has come to be used to refer to ... is generally understood to mean ...
has been used to refer to situations in which ... carries certain connotations in some types of …
is a relatively new name for a Y, commonly referred to as ... |
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X is a/an |
broad generic common umbrella non-specific
relatively new |
term |
that refers to … used to describe …
which encompasses … covering a wide range of … |
Değişen/farklı tanımları belirtmek
The definition of X has evolved. There are multiple definitions of X.
Several definitions of X have been proposed.
In the field of X, various definitions of X are found.
The term ‘X’ embodies a multitude of concepts which ...
This term has two overlapping, even slightly confusing meanings. Widely varying definitions of X have emerged (Smith and Jones, 1999).
Despite its common usage, X is used in different disciplines to mean different things.
Since the definition of X varies among researchers, it is important to clarify how the term is used in …
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The meaning of this term |
has evolved.
has varied over time.
has been extended to refer to …
has been broadened in recent years. has not been consistent throughout …
has changed somewhat from its original definition, particularly in … |
Bir terimi tanımlamadaki güçlükleri belirtmek
‘X’ is a contested term.
‘X’ is a rather nebulous term …
X is challenging to define because …
A precise definition of X has proved elusive.
A generally accepted definition of X is lacking. Unfortunately, ‘X’ remains a poorly defined term. There is no agreed definition on what constitutes … There is little consensus about what X actually means.
There is a degree of uncertainty around the terminology in ... These terms are often used interchangeably and without precision.
Numerous terms are used to describe X, the most common of which are ….
The definition of X varies in the literature and there is terminological confusion. Smith (2001) identified four abilities that might be subsumed under the term ‘X’: a) ...
‘X’ is a term frequently used in the literature, but to date there is no consensus about ...
X is a commonly used notion in psychology and yet it is a concept difficult to define precisely. Although differences of opinion still exist, there appears to be some agreement that X refers to ...
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The meaning of this term |
has been disputed.
has been debated ever since …
has proved to be notoriously hard to define. has been an object of major disagreement in …
has been a matter of ongoing discussion among … |
Diğer kişilerin tanımlarına atıf yapmak: yazar öncelikli
For Smith (2001), X means ...
Smith (2001) uses the term ‘X’ to refer to ...
Smith (1954) was apparently the first to use the term ...
This definition is close to that of Smith (2012) who defines X as …
In 1987, psychologist John Smith popularized the term ‘X’ to describe ... According to a definition provided by Smith (2001:23), X is ‘the maximally ...
Smith, has shown that, as late as 1920, Jones was using the term ‘X’ to refer to particular ... One of the first people to define nursing was Florence Nightingale (1860), who wrote: ‘...................... ’
Chomsky writes that a grammar is a ‘device of some sort for producing the.... ’ (1957, p.11).
Aristotle defines the imagination as ‘the movement which results upon an actual sensation.’ Smith et al. (2002) have provided a new definition of health: ‘health is a state of being with …
Diğer kişilerin tanımlarına atıf yapmak: yazar öncelikli değil
X is defined by Smith (2003: 119) as ‘...... ’
The term ‘X’ was introduced by Smith in her … The term ‘X’ is used by Smith (2001) to refer to ...
The terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ were first used by Smith (1954).
X is, for Smith (2012), the situation which occurs when …
A further definition is given by Smith (1982) who describes ...
A similar definition has been proposed by Smith et al. (1998), who have argued that … The term ‘X’ is used by Aristotle in four overlapping senses. First, it is the underlying ...
X is the degree to which an assessment process or device measures … (Smith et al., 1986).
Bir tanım hakkında yorum yapmak
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This definition |
includes ... allows for ... highlights the ...
helps distinguish ... takes into account … poses a problem for ... will continue to evolve.
can vary depending on ... was agreed upon after ... is intended primarily for …
has largely fallen out of use. fails to capture the idea of … raises some important issues.
has been broadened to include ...
captures a number of important features of … |
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The following definition is |
intended to ... modelled on … too simplistic. useful because ... problematic as ... rather imprecise.
inadequate since ... does not recognise …
in need of revision since ... important for what it excludes. the most precise produced so far. |
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What is |
useful striking notable troubling appealing significant important distinctive interesting remarkable |
about this definition is |
that it offers … that it stresses … the emphasis on …
that it recognises … that it is based on … that it clearly links … that it acknowledges …
that it encompasses all … that it takes for granted … what it does not include … |
Bir makale ya da tezde kullanılan terimi ayrıntılandırmak
The term ‘X’ is used here to refer to … In the present study, X is defined as ...
The term ‘X’ will be used solely when referring to ... This study utilises the concept of X first proposed by …
In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all ... In this paper, the term that will be used to describe this phenomenon is ‘X’. In this dissertation, the terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are used interchangeably to mean ...
Throughout this thesis, the term ‘X’ is used to refer to informal systems as well as ...
While a variety of definitions of the term ‘X’ have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ...
