Literatürün Taranması

Akademik metin yazmanın ayırt edici özelliklerinden biri, hâlihazırda bilinenler, daha önce yapılan çalışmalar ve/veya daha önce hangi fikir ve modellerin geliştirildiği hakkında bilgi sahibi olunmasıdır. Bu nedenle, akademik metinlerde yazarlar sıklıkla başka çalışmalara ve diğer yazarların çalışmalarına atıfta bulunur. Yazarların bu literatür aracılığıyla okuyucularına rehberlik etmesi önemlidir. Akademik İfade Bankası'nın bu bölümünde yazarların bu amaçla kullanabilecekleri bazı ifadeler sıralanmıştır.

Literatür taraması hakkında bir not: Bir makalenin veya tezin literatür taraması bölümünün amacı, okuyucuya araştırmanın konusu hakkında halihazırda bilinenleri sistematik bir şekilde bir bütün olarak göstermek ve konuyu anlamamıza yardımcı olan teorileri ana hatlarıyla belirtmektir. Literatür taraması sistematik olmanın yanı sıra mevcut çalışma ile ilgili çalışmaları veya fikirleri değerlendirici ve eleştirel olmalıdır. Örneğin, belirli bir çalışmanın araştırdığınız alanın bazı önemli yönlerini araştırmadığını, yazar(lar)ın yöntemlerindeki mevcut bir zayıflığı fark etmediklerini veya vardıkları sonuçların yeterince desteklenmediğini düşünebilirsiniz (bkz. Eleştirel Olmak).

Atıf yapma stili üzerine bir not: Bir yazarın diğer kaynaklara atıfta bulunma şekli açısından farklı disiplinler arasında birtakım farklılıklar mevcuttur. Bireysel yazarın önemli olduğu bazı durumlarda, yazarın adı cümlenin ana konusu olacaktır; diğer durumlarda, yazarın adı yalnızca parantez ( ... ) içinde veya bir sayı gösterim sistemi (örneğin dipnotlar ve son notlar) aracılığıyla belirtilebilir. 'Konu olarak yazar' tarzı ampirik disiplinlerde (bilimlerde) daha az yaygındır ve beşeri bilimlerde daha yaygın olarak kullanılır. Farklı disiplinlerde farklı referans sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Burada verilen örneklerin çoğunda Harvard metin içi referans sistemi kullanılmıştır.

Fiil zamanları hakkında bir not: Literatüre genel atıf için çoğunlukla "present perfect tense (have/has + verb participle)" kullanılır. Geçmişte gerçekleştirilen belirli çalışmalara atıfta bulunmak için en yaygın olarak "simple past tense" kullanılır. Bu, normalde geçmişteki belirli bir tarih veya zaman noktasının cümlenin bir parçasını oluşturduğu durumdur. Yazarların sözlerine veya fikirlerine atıfta bulunulurken, yazar artık hayatta olmasa bile fikirler hala güncelse, sıklıkla şimdiki zaman kullanılır. Aşağıda verilen örnekler bu genel kalıpları yansıtmaktadır, ancak bunlar kesinlikle katı kurallar değildir.

İlgili literatür hakkında genel yorumlar

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Different theories exist in the literature regarding … More recent attention has focused on the provision of ... There are relatively few historical studies in the area of … A great deal of previous research into X has focused on ... A large and growing body of literature has investigated ...

Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the … Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to ...

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The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ...

What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ... The academic literature on X has revealed the emergence of several contrasting themes.

Önceki araştırmalar: tarihi bir perspektif

Research into X has a long history.

For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by … Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how … Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown. Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974). Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasised the use of ... In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ...

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It is only since the work of Smith (2001) that the study of X has gained momentum. An extensive series of randomised, controlled trials in the late 1970s demonstrated … The construct of X was first articulated by Smith (1977) and popularised in his book: …

It was not until the late 1960s that historians considered X worthy of scholarly attention. Awareness of X is not recent, having possibly first been described in the 5th century BCE by … Around the early 1960s, small-scale research and case studies began to emerge linking the use of …

Önceki araştırmalar: cümlenin nesnesi olarak araştırılan alanı kullanmak

To date, several studies have investigated …

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A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).

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Önceki araştırmalar: cümlenin öznesi olarak araştırılan alanı kullanmak

X has been proposed to explain how …

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X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of Y in … These effects have been shown in X (e.g., Smith et al., 1981; Jones, 1996). Factors thought to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.

X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2010; Jones, 2011). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and ...

X has been identified as a major contributing factor to the decline of many species of … The roles of X have been studied extensively (Jones, 1989; Johnson, 1994; Smith, 1998). The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).

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Önceki araştırmalar: alınan yaklaşımlar

Most research on X has been carried out in … Two different approaches have been used to … Most researchers investigating X have utilised …

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What we know about X is largely based on observational studies. Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature. There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …

Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …

Existing comparative studies are largely observational in nature, mostly relying on …

Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …

Önceki araştırmalar: şimdiye kadar bulunan ya da öne sürülenler

Several lines of evidence suggest that … Previous research has established that … Data from several studies suggest that …

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Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2016) presents ...

In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to ... Many historians have argued that ... (e.g. Jones, 1997; Brown, 1999; Smith, 2019). There is a consensus among social scientists that ... (e.g. Smith, 2019; Jones, 2020; ...

Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that X can ... (Smith et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998). It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ... (Smith, 1998; ...). A series of papers on X (Jones, 1997; Brown, 1999; Smith, 2018) agree in suggesting that …

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Konu hakkında mevcut bilinenleri belirtmek

X increases when … (Smith, 2015)

X is able to affect Y (Smith, 2015; Jones, 2020).

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X is proportional to Y as expressed by the… (Smith, 2015).

X is one of the most important … (Smith, 2015; Jones, 2020).

X is one of the most intense reactions following Y (Jones, 2020). A relationship exists between X and Y (Smith, 2015; Jones, 2020).

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X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2015; Jones, 2020). X has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of Y on Z (Smith, 2019).

Önceki araştırmalar: negatif sonuçlara dikkat çekmek