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Recent evidence suggests that … Extensive research has shown that … Research in this area has shown that … Studies of X show the importance of … It has previously been observed that … Several attempts have been made to …

Data from several studies suggest that … Previous research has established that …

Recent work by historians has established that … Previous research comparing X and Y has found … The existing body of research on X suggests that …

There is a growing body of literature that recognises … Several theories on the origin of X have been proposed. Existing research recognises the critical role played by … It is now well established from a variety of studies, that … A growing body of published work provides evidence of …

Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …

Evidence from a number of experimental studies has established that … Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.

A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y… Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on … A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies … In the past two decades, a number of researchers have sought to determine … In previous studies of X, different variables have been found to be related to ...

The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with … There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported … Xs were reported in the first studies of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith and Jones, 1977).

What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how … Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with … Results from earlier studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between …

There are a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe …

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A much-debated question is whether … Debate has long prevailed as to whether …

The precise effect of X is a much-debated topic. One major issue in early X research concerned ... To date there has been little agreement on what ...

The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ... There has been disagreement on the criteria for defining X.

One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ... Questions have been raised about the use of animal subjects in ...

In the literature on X, the importance of Y has been hotly debated ... In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ... Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ...

This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating ... There has been much disagreement between historians on the subject of … The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that ... Scholars have long debated the impact of X on the creation and diffusion of …

More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ... One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ... The relationship between X and Y has attracted conflicting interpretations from … One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ...

The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century. The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ... Several divergent accounts of X have been proposed, creating numerous controversies. The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.

In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable discussion.

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No previous study has investigated X. The use of X has not been investigated. There is little published information on …

The role of X remains largely unexamined. There is very little published research on … There has been no detailed investigation of … There has been little quantitative analysis of ...

Data about the efficacy and safety of X are limited. Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to ...

A search of the literature revealed few studies which … The impact of X on Y is understudied, particularly for … So far, however, there has been little discussion about ... In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ...

Surprisingly, the effects of X have not been closely examined. Surprisingly, X is seldom studied, and it is unclear to what extent … In contrast to X, there is much less information about effects of … X has hitherto received scant attention by scholars of the Y period.

A systematic understanding of how X contributes to Y is still lacking. While X is a growing field (Smith, 2015), publications on Y remain few. Relatively little research has been carried out on X, and even less on Y. Despite the importance of X, there remains a paucity of evidence on … There have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ...

The issue of X has attracted very little attention from the scholarly community. To date, the problem of X has received scant attention in the research literature.

To date, no large-scale studies have been performed to investigate the prevalence of …. Although studies have recognised X, research has yet to systematically investigate the effect of …